domingo, 3 de mayo de 2015

Native American Games


New Post!

In today’s post we are going to talk about the wide variety of games. Each tribe and region had their own games and traditions.

We are goingo to start with the popular game called lacrosse. It is also named stickball, bump hips, kabucha, and little brother of war.  





Lacrosse was started by the Native American Indians. It was played with a ball that shouldn’t be touched by a player’s hand and there were no boundaries. The ball was passed around using sticks of wood and at the end of the stick was a net attached. This games would often last from sunrise to sunset! Lacrosse was sometimes used to settle disputes between tribes and to toughen up younger warriors. The game was a huge event with a lot of players, between 100 and 100.000, on both sides and a field that was over a mile long.
Originally, the balls were of wood but later they were replaced by deerskin balls filled with fur, The players before a game used paint and characoal to decorate their bodies and faces.




The game  called  Laughing game  was very common in the tribes and was played by two players that sit opposite to each other. Each one tries to make the opponent laugh. The first player to succeed, won. This game was played by the Chippewa and the Inuit tribe.

The game Bull Roarer were used in ceremonies by the tribe the Pueblo to call the Wind Spirits and bring rain. Children sometimes played with them. The child whirled the bull roarer over his head, then a buzzing sound should result.




Buzz toy consisted on a flat wooden disk with two holes pierced near the center and there were two small pieces of wood that were attached to a doubled cord that goes through the two holes. The cild holded a handle in each hand, the disk was wound by whirling the string until it is twisted tightly. Then the string is pulled and released alternately. The Indian children would use their spinning disk to touch another child’s disk and try to stop it from spinning. 



The Bowl Game was played by the Iroquois. It is consisted on a wooden bowl that was used along with six black nuts on one side and other six white nuts on the other. The nuts were placed inside the bowl, then the player hit the bowl against the ground. If at least five of the six nuts ended up the same color, that player won.





The Hand Game was played between two teams. One team would pass around a small ball quickly. Then the other team would try to guess who had the ball in their hand. If they guessed correctly they gained a point. And then the team that found the ball would try to hide it.


Ball and Triangle Game was a traditional toy by the children of the Penobscot tribe and it was consisted of a stiff piece of birch bark cut into a triangular shape, with a hole in the center. A ball was attached to a string that was attached to one corner of the bark triangle. The object of the game was to get the ball into the hole of the bark.  






Young Indian played a guessing game to figure out which moccasin contained the wampum. A men of the tribe would play the moccasin game. Three men on each team would play it to the accompaniment of singing and drumming. It was played with four moccasins and four small objects that were identical except that one object was inconspicuously marked. The teams took turns at guessing where was the hiden object. They would make the guess using a three foot rod.






Bibliography:






lunes, 27 de abril de 2015

Native American Celebrations

New post!

In today´s post we are going to talk about some celebrations that the Native Americans celebrate each month. We hope you enjoy it!

The Powamu Festival
The Powamu Festival is the mid-winter ceremony and it is also called the Bean Planting Festival. It is observed in late January or early February. The celebration lasts 8 days and it is mainly celebrated by the Hopi Indians in Arizona.




The Iroquois Midwinter Ceremony
The Iroquois Midwinter Ceremony is held in either January or February. When the dipper constellation appears in the sky directly overhead, you then wait for the new moon to be seen. This is when the spiritual year begins. You then wait 5 days after the new moon to begin the ceremony. The celebration lasts 9 days with a lot of  traditional events, as well as choosing new council members for the next year.

The Kwakiutl Midwinter Ceremony
The winter ceremony season is when they acknowledge and reaffirm their connection with the supernatural world. The Kwakiutl Midwinter Ceremony is done in Febrauary.


The Athabascan Stickdance
The Athabascan Stickdance is held for one week every March  by the Athabascan Indians of Alaska. The Athabascan Indians take their name from Lake Athabasca in Canada.  Athabasca is derived from a Cree word meaning the way plants or grasses grow in the shallow end of a lake. The spelling of the tribe name varies from Athabasca, Athapaskan, Athabaskan and Athapascan.



The Navajo Mountain Chant
The Navajo Mountain Chant is held in Arizona, nine days at the end of winter. Basically, this observance marks the seasonal transition. It happens at the end of the thunderstorms but before the spring winds come. The Navajo believe that if this ceremony was held at any other time, it would result in death from lightning or snake bite.  The chant is also considered a curing ceremony, not only for physical healing in those that are ill, but also to heal relationship disharmony and restore balance in relationships.


The Yaqui Easter Festival
The Yaqui Easter Festival goes on for seven weeks. It is celebrated in the State of Arizona in the United States and in the country of Mexico.  The ceremony ends on Easter Sunday. The name of this festival comes from the Yaqui Indians, now living in the Tuscon and Phoenix, Arizona area that are descendants of the original tribe that lived near the Yaqui River in the northwestern area of Mexico. And, who later fled to the southwestern U.S. during the 18th  and 19th century wars between Spain and the Mexican governments. But, earlier in the 17th century, Jesuit missionaries arrived in the area and began teaching Christianity to the Yaqui. They continued to hold on to many of their cultural beliefs, while also accepting some Roman Catholic practices as well. This mixing of tribal customs with Christian customs is a good example with their Easter celebration. 


The Ute Bear Dance
The Ute Bear Dance is performed every Spring, around late May or June by the Ute Indians of Colorado.  It is the oldest dance that the tribe performs and dates back further than the 15th Century when Spanish explorers witnessed it.  And, it is the only dance that the Utes originated. The area of Colorado where this is most observed is in Towaoe and Ignacio. The purpose of this dance is for mating and courtship. The second purpose is to celebrate the arrival of spring, as well as an opportunity to get together and celebrate.


The Sun Dance
The Sun Dance is a ceremony for healing. Not everyone does the Sun Dance. You have to have a reason and to pray with your heart. This is  also a controversial topic for many.


The Apache Girls' Sunrise Ceremony
The Apache Girls' Sunrise Ceremony is celebrated for 4 days in July  in Arizona and New Mexico to celebrate the coming-of-age of young Apache women. (The sign of this is when a girl begins her first menstruation.). The Apache Indians believe that their early ancestors emerged from the underworld by climbing up a cane stalk behind the Red Ants, who they also refer to as "The First People."  The Changing Woman, also known to them as the White-Painted Woman (orEsdzanadehe) was the very first Apache.  She appeared in the East as a beautiful young woman, then moved to the West and disappeared when she grew old.



The Eagle Dance 
The Eagle Dance is not specific to one certain group. It is performed by many Native American Indians as part of their ceremonies. However, the details of the dance will vary from tribe to tribe. It is most commonly performed in early spring, but can be performed at any other time of the year.


The  Miwok Acorn Festival
The  Miwok Acorn Festival is held on the fourth weekend every September by the Miwok  Indians that lived in the area that we know today as Northern California.
The Miwok Indians were just like other California Native Americans and relied a lot on acorns for food. They harvested these from the valley oaks in the autumn and stored them in cha'ka or granaries. The acorns can't be eaten as is. They had to go through a special designed process to get rid of the tannin, which prevents the human body from absorbing their nutrients. Tannin also gave the acorns a bitter taste.


The Shalako Ceremony
The Shalako Ceremony is performed in late November or early December and takes place after the crops are in. This ceremony is the most important event of the year for the Zuni Indians of New Mexico.


The Hopi Soyaluna Ceremony
It is a ceremony related to the sun as it relates to the winter solstice. It is one of the Hopi's most sacred ceremonies and is also called the "Prayer-Offering Ceremony" because it is a time for saying prayers for the New Year and for wishing each other prosperity and health.


That is all about the Native American ceremonies. If you want more information, you can visit it in our bibliography. We hope you liked it!

Bibliography: 









martes, 21 de abril de 2015

Native American Music

New post!


Today we are going to tell you a little bit about the music that the native americans used to play and which were the instruments. We hope you like it!

Generally, native american music was choral, although we can also find some tribes where it was usual to find solo singing and the main purposes were ceremonies, recreation, expression, and healing. Some of the instruments would be flutes and drums, which represent the sound as the heartbeat of the earth and, the most important, voices. If we move into the Great Plains we can find other instruments such as rattles and whistles. For example:






Moving to the Nothern Plains we find the flute, a very common instrument in this culture. It is said that it was played by men and the main point of it was to attract the women’s attention but over the years we can also find that it was played by both men and women. The most important was the courting flute. It was a solo instrument and it is considered as the third oldest known musical instrument in the world, with bone flutes dating back over 60,000 years. Drums were discovered first, and then various rattles were made, followed by bone whistles. Eventually, more holes were added and they were made larger:



There were two types of music in the Norther Plains: secular and sacred.
The secular music can be represented in many different ways but the most common is to thank for everyday. The sacred music, as the word indicates, were  used for personal spiritual practice. Depending on the number of people who participated in it, the number and size of the instruments could vary. For example, drums could be larger or smaller.

Different tribes have different traditions about the drum and how to play it, but the basic construction is very similar in most tribes: a wooden frame or a carved and hollowed-out log, with finely tanned buckskin or elkskin stretched taut across the opening by sinew thongs. 
Here you can see some of them:





Many people think that Native American music is one of the most complex ever performed. The releasing of the vocals combined with the different drum beats makes it a very intricate form of music. Another interesting item of note is that every region of the country where the Native Americans had settled produced extremely varying forms and sounds of music, so the music produced is always unique to its specific group.




Bibliography:

lunes, 20 de abril de 2015

Native American Languages

New Post!

The aim of this post is to show you all the languages of the Ameridians in North America. Let's have a look!

  • Apache Indian Language: Apache is an Athabaskan language, which is divided in 2 languages:
    • Western Apache
    • Eastern Apache
          The speakers of one language cannot understand the other well. Apache is related to other languages like Navajo or Gwich'in. Let's see some examples of Apache Language:
    • góshé: dog
    • gah: rabbit
    • shizé: mouth

  • Cherokee Indian Language: more properly spelled ''Tsalagi'', is a complex language with soft sounds. For example:
    • Agehya: woman
    • wado: thank you
    • Agi'a: eat
       The Cherokee language has a writing system that was invented by the Cherokee scholar Sequoyah. Sequoyah's writing system is a syllabary. That means one character represents each syllable not just a consonant or a vowel.


  • The Cheyenne Language:  It is a member of the large Algonquian language family of North America which includes other languages such as Blackfoot, Arapaho, Cree, Ojibwa...There are only 14 letters in the Cheyenne alphabet but they can combine to create some very long words, composed of many smaller meaning parts. 
    • Heove: yellow
    • Mahpe: water
    • Hotame/Oeškeso: dog



  • Blackfoot Indian LanguageBlackfoot, also known as Siksiká, is an Algonquian language, related to other languages like Cheyenne and Arapaho. There is a distinct difference between Old Blackfoot (also called High Blackfoot), the dialect spoken by many older speakers; and New Blackfoot (also called Modern Blackfoot), the dialect spoken by younger speakers.
      • Áápi/Ksikk: white
      • Sik: black
      • Niisito: five


    • Delaware Indian Language: This language is also known as the Lenape Lenguages, Munsee and Unami, which are assigned to the Algonquian language family.
      • naxá: three
      • lënu: man
      • hilusës: old man

    • Comanche Indian Language: This language is a Uto-aztecan language of the southern Plains  related to other languages like Shoshone and Hopi. Only a few elders in Oklahoma still speak the Comanche language fluently today.
      • Hayarokwetu: four
      • Mua: moon
      • Paa: water

    • Sioux/Dakota Indian Language: Sioux language is a Siouan languages of the Great Plains. Dakota and Lakota Indians can almost always understand each other. 
      • Wanzi: one
      • Wi: sun
      • Mini: water

    • Iroquoian Indian Languages: Iroquoian languages are spoken in the eastern US and southeast Canada. They are known for their general lack of labial consonants. 
      • Northern Iroquoian Languages
      • Central Iroquoian Languages:
        • Tuscarora
        • Nottoway
      • Lake Iroquoian Languages
      • Mohawk-Oneida Languages:
        • Mohawk
        • Oneida
      • Seneca-Onondaga Languages:
        • Cayuga
        • Onondaga
        • Seneca
        • Huron/Wyandot
        • Laurentian (St. Lawrence Iroquoian)
        • Susquehannock
      • Southern Iroquoian Languages:
        • Cherokee (Tsalagi)

    Here you are a lot of information about the Indian Language, hope you enjoyed it!

    Bibliography:



    domingo, 12 de abril de 2015

    Native American Food

    New Post!

    Today we are going to write about the Native American food.
    Did you know that the Native Amercian Tribes hadn’t the same diet? For example, tribes in Alaska had a very different diet from the tribes of Brazil. Some tribes were farmers, staying in one place year-round and farming the land, while others were hunters and gatherers, moving from place to place as they hunted and gathered food for their families. This way of life affected the kind of food they ate.


    The most important Native American food crop was Indian corn (also known as maize). Other American Indian crops were beans, squash, pumpkins, sunflowers, chocolate, etc. In this diet they also included their favourite meats like, for example, buffalo, salmon, elk, etc.
    Americans, in ancient times, were able to eat any type of animals like monkeys, dogs (not all the tribes did it) or even snakes.












    •  The Eskimos and some Indian tribes of the far north relied almost entirely on hunting and fishing to survive. Their main food was fish, especially the salmon of the rivers and the ocean, but they also gathered nuts and berries from the forests.

    • The Blackfoot and Sioux tribe formed large groups to work together to drive large animals over a cliff, sometimes setting controlled fires or building fences to cut off their escape.

    • The  Chippewa tribe hunted deer, rabbits or elks. To hunt they set snares or traps for them.

    •  The Navajo tribe were from the South and they were expert farmers. They used special farming techniques like irrigation, terracing or crop rotation to improve their farms, and they finally obtained enough crops to dry and store for the Winter.


    The Native Americans drank herb-flavoured water and broth. For example, the Timicuans brewed a caffeine drink called the Black Drink. This tea was a Southeastern ceremonial drink, and was used by adult males for ritualistic purification. It was also traded to other Native American tribes.






    Bibliography:




    viernes, 10 de abril de 2015

    Native American clothing


    New post!

    In today´s post we are going to talk about the Native American clothes.

    In most tribes, Native American men wore breechclouts or breechcloths (a long rectangular piece of hide or cloth tucked over a belt, so that the flaps fell down in front and behind), sometimes with leather leggings attached in colder climates.



    Breechclouts   


    Leggings
    In some tribes Indian clothing for men was a short kilt or fur trousers instead of a breechcloth. Most American Indian men did not use shirts, but Plains Indian warriors did wear special buckskin war shirts decorated with ermine tails, hair, and intricate quillwork and beadwork.

    War shirt


    Native American clothing for women usually consisted of skirts and leggings, though the length, design, and material of the skirts varied from tribe to tribe. In some cultures, Indian women's shirts were optional and were treated more like coats. In others, Native American women always wore tunics or mantles in public. And in some tribes women usually wore one-piece American Indian dresses instead, like this Cheyenne buckskin dress.

    Cheyenne buckskin dress

    Nearly all Native Americans had some form of moccasin (a sturdy leather shoe) or mukluk (heavier boot), with the styles of footwear differing from tribe to tribe. Most tribes used cloaks in colder weather, but some of the northern tribes wore Inuit-style fur parkas instead. Most variable of all were headgear and formal clothing, which were different in nearly every tribe. 


    Map of North America with Native American Varieties of Moccasins

    After colonization, the clothes of Native Americans began to change. For one thing, as Indian tribes were driven from their ancient lands and forced into closer contact with each other, they began to borrow some of each other's tribal dress, so that fringed buckskin clothing, feather headdresses, and woven blankets became popular among Indians outside of the tribes in which they originated. For another, Indians began to adapt some articles of European costume to their own style, decorating cloth garments with characteristic Native American beadwork, embroidery, and designs.

    Feather headdress



    Today, most Native Americans wear contemporary American and Canadian clothes in their daily life; however, unique American Indian clothing styles still exist. Some traditional American Indian garments, such as buckskins, ribbon dresses, and beaded moccasins, are still worn in many tribes, particularly to formal events. Others, such as breechcloth, leggings, headdress and dance shawl, are only worn at powwows and religious ceremonies. In general, American Indians use the word regalia for traditional clothes which are used for ceremonial occasions.

    Here we have some more pictures of Native American clothing:


    Neswabmi Porcupine Roach Headdresses

    Littlecrow Indian Regalia

    Wright Indian Shawls


    Native American Breastplates


    Mocassins

    Sweetgrass Indian Gloves


    Native American Mitts


    Native American Dance Outfits

    Bibliography: